On January 20, 2025, President Donald Trump issued an executive order redefining birthright citizenship, a policy historically guaranteed under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The order, which would deny citizenship to children born in the United States to parents without legal status or on temporary visas, was immediately met with widespread legal challenges. Just three days later, U.S. District Judge John Coughenour temporarily blocked the order, labeling it “blatantly unconstitutional” during a court hearing in Seattle.
The executive order asserts that children born in the United States to non-citizen parents who are either unlawfully present or in the country temporarily are not “subject to the jurisdiction” of the U.S. As such, they would no longer be eligible for citizenship at birth. The Trump administration defended the order as a correction to what it perceives as a misinterpretation of the 14th Amendment, emphasizing that citizenship is a “priceless and profound gift” that should not be extended universally.
Under the order, federal agencies were instructed to deny or revoke citizenship documentation for individuals born under these conditions. The policy was set to apply to children born 30 days after the order was signed.
The order quickly faced opposition from states and civil rights groups. Four states — Arizona, Illinois, Oregon, and Washington — filed a lawsuit to block the order, arguing that it directly violated the Citizenship Clause of the 14th Amendment. This clause states that “all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.”
During the hearing, Judge Coughenour expressed skepticism about the administration’s legal reasoning. “This is a blatantly unconstitutional order,” he stated, citing his four decades of experience on the bench. The judge also noted that the order could cause immediate harm, requiring states to overhaul systems for healthcare and other benefits to reconsider applicants’ citizenship status.
The Department of Justice announced plans to “vigorously defend” the executive order, asserting that it correctly interprets the Constitution. A spokesperson for the DOJ emphasized that the administration looks forward to presenting its case in court.
Meanwhile, attorneys general from the opposing states celebrated the ruling. Washington Attorney General Nick Brown called the judge’s decision “step one” in preventing an “unconstitutional and un-American” policy. He also highlighted the urgency of the issue, pointing out that children are born every day who could be affected by such policies.
Additional Reading
U.S. judge temporarily blocks Trump’s birthright citizenship order, NPR (January 23, 2025)
A federal judge temporarily blocks Trump’s executive order redefining birthright citizenship, AP News (January 23, 2025)
Protecting the Meaning and Value of American Citizenship, Executive Order, White House (January 20, 2025)
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